effect of functional fatigue on timing of electromyography activity of quadriceps and hamstring muscles during single leg jump-landing task in female athletes

Background and Aim: Previous studies have shown that fatigue at the end of athletic events is one of the risk factors for ACL injury, causing changes in neuromuscular activity pattern of the muscles around the knee

But few studies have dealt with the effect of functional fatigue in situations similar to real sport conditions of on neuromuscular factors leading to ACL injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of functional fatigue on timing of muscles involved in ACL injury during single leg jump- land ing task in female athletes

Material and Methods: This study included 15 female volleyball, basketball and handball players. Electromyography activity of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were recorded before and after single leg jump- land ing task. For data analysis we used multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures at significance level of 95% and alpha less than or equal to 0.05

Results: According to the results, fatigue can lead to a delay in the onset of vastus lateralis [p=0.002] and semitendinosus muscles activity [p=0.049]; while there were no significant differences in the onset of activity of rectus femoris [p=0.143], vastus medialis [p=0.670] and biceps femoris muscles [p=0.226] between before and after fatigue

Conclusion: The results showed that fatigue can cause delayed onset of activity of semitendinosus and vastus lateralis muscles, leading to changes in neuromuscular patterns of muscles activation in jump- land ing task. This may expose ACL to injury

Therefore, we recommend appropriate training programs to increase muscle performance during fatigue

[Induction of experimental type 2 diabetes using olive and rump oils in rat]

Too much fat in the diet can cause insulin resistance. This study was conducted to provide a suitable experimental model of type 2 diabetes and to compare the potency of olive and rump oils in the induction of insulin resistance. The study was done in three phases, each with 15 male Sprague dawley rats. The control, olive oil, and rump oil, groups were fed the commercial diet, and diets supplemented by 31% olive or rump oils for three weeks, respectively [first stage], and then diabetes was induced by IP injection of 35 mg/kg STZ [stages 2 and 3]. The oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] showed glucose intolerance in both oil groups, compared to the control group [p<0.05], in stage 1, but increases in blood glucose levels were higher in the olive oil group in the second stage. TC and LDL-C levels increased by both the oils, especially olive oil. Insulin level was higher in the rump oil groups, especially after diabetes induction. Insulin sensitivity, as shown by the insulin tolerance test [ITT] and HOMA-IR, were decreased by both oils, especially rump oil. Although both oils had significant effects on metabolism, olive oil use was accompanied by more dyslipidemia, whereas rump oil increased insulin resistance more effectively. It seems that rump oil may be a more appropriate model for studies investigating disorders of carbohydrate metabolism of type 2 diabetes and olive oil, for induction of dyslipidemia and probably the metabolic syndrome

Performance evaluation of different filter media in turbidity removal from water by application of modified qualitative indices

Water filtration units have been faced problems in water turbidity removal related to their media, which is determined by qualitative indices. Moreover, Current qualitative indices such as turbidity and escaping particle number could not precisely determine the efficiency of the media in water filtration, so defining new indices is essential. In this study, the efficiency of Anthracite-Silica and LECA-Silica media in turbidity removal were compared in different operating condition by using modified qualitative indices. The pilot consisted of a filter column [one meter depth] which consisted of a layer of LECA [450 mm depth] and a layer of Silica sand [350 mm depth. Turbidities of 10, 20, and 30 NTU, coagulant concentrations of 4, 8, and 12 ppm and filtration rates of 10, 15, and 20 m/h were considered as variables. The LECA-Silica media is suitable media for water filtration. Averages of turbidity removal efficiencies in different condition for the LECA-Silica media were 85.8 +/- 5.37 percent in stable phase and 69.75 +/- 3.37 percent in whole operation phase, while the efficiency of total system were 98.31 +/- 0.63 and 94.49 +/- 2.97 percent, respectively. The LECA layer efficiency in turbidity removal was independent from filtration rates and due to its low head loss; LECA can be used as a proper medium for treatment plants. Results also showed that the particle index [PI] was a suitable index as a substitute for turbidity and EPN indices

-514C/T polymorphism of hepatic lipase gene among Iranian patients with Coronary Heart disease

The T allele of the hepatic lipase [HL] C-514T polymorphism was previously found to be associated with lower plasma HL activity. Here, we examined the association between this polymorphism and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients with coronary arteries stenosis. We studied 342 subjects undergoing coronary angiography in two groups of non CAD [n=146] and CAD [n=196]. -514C->T polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP]. After adjustment for age, smoking and body mass index, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in men with the C/T and T/T genotype than those with the C/C genotype [mean 38.6 and 34.7 respectively P=0.01]. The frequency of T allele in non CAD was 0.136 and 0.226 in female and male respectively and 0.170 and 0.223 for female and male in CAD subjects. There was no difference in T allele frequency in CAD and none CAD groups in male and female [P=0.466 and 0.722 respectively]. -514C-"T of LIPC gene have a positive effect on HDL-C concentration especially in male gender. However, no difference was determined in frequency of T allele between CAD and normal arteries subjects

[Leaf flavonoids of Chrozophora neck [Euphorbiceae] members in Markazi province using chromatographical methods]

Flavonoids are as one set of the polyphenolic compounds among secondary metabolites in different organs of plants that are used in plant chemotaxonomy and pharmacognosy. They have basic role in pollination and life cycle of anthmophyllus plants and also their spreading abroad and survival. The aim of this study was to compare the leaf flavonoids profiles of Chrozophora Neck populations in Markazi Province, Iran. Phytochemical studies on 25 collected Chrozophora populations of 2 species [C. hierosolymitana and C. tinctoria: Euphorbiaceae family] from different parts of Markazi Province area were done using 2-dimentional paper chromatography [2-DPC] and thin layer chromatography [TLC]. Voucher specimens of each population were prepared for reference as herbarium vouchers. Results showed all of populations contain flavonoid sulphates, flavone C and C-/O-glycosides and aglycon. Also all of studied populations have apigenin and quercetin while rutin was just found in 4 populations of C. tinctoria species that is recorded first time for Markazi Province. All of studied populations have flavonoid compounds that have variation in their flavonoid type and number

[Visual outcomes of femto-LASIK after peneterating keratoplasty]

To determine the outcomes of visual correction with femto-LASIK following PK. In this prospective study, 34 eyes of 31 patient who had undergone thin - flap lasik due to high efractive error after corneal grafting were evaluated .After complete ocular examination and assessment of uncorrected and corrected distant visual acuity [UCVA and BCVA], the patients underwent femto-lasik using the Ziemer femto-LDV with 100 micron flap thickness. After 3 to 19 [10.14 +/- 4.81] months of follow-up, mean UCVA increased from 1.5 Log MAR preoperatively [5/100] to 0.3 LogMAR [5/10] postoperatively [P<0.05]. Mean BCVA also increased from 0.3 LogMAR [5/10] to 0.1 LogMAR [8/10] [P<0.05]. Mean spherical equivalent changed from -6.98 +/- 3.87 to -2.18 +/- 2.69 and mean of defocus equivalent also decreased from 10.32 +/- 3.74 preoperatively to 4.13 +/- 2.93 postoperatively [P<0.05 for both]. No significant intraoperative and postoperative complications occurred. Femto-LASIK surgery after penetrating keratoplasty is a successful procedure for correction of moderate to high refractive errors. It seems to be clinically safe, effective and predictable

[Effect of PPAR gamma His447His polymorphism on oocytes and fertilization in IVF]

Genetic factors play an important role in women fertility and embryonic development which may contribute to the efficacy of assisted reproduction techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPAR gamma] His447His polymorphism on oocytes and fertilization in women undergoing IVF. Blood samples were obtained from 98 IVF patients referred to Tabriz Alzahra Hospital. Samples were analyzed for the PPAR gamma gene polymorphism using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based methods. Multivariate analyses were used to test the independence of associations between the number of mature oocytes and the number of oocytes fertilized as outcome variables and polymorphism of PPARy gene. Correlation analysis showed a significant inverse correlation between the age of women and the number of mature oocytes retrieved [r=-0.37, P<0.001] and oocytes fertilizaed [r=-0.25, P=0.015]. The ratio of the number of mature oocytes to oocytes fertilizaed was significantly [P<0.05] increased in carriers of the rare alleles than homozygous wild-type genotypes. The association of His447His polymorphism [P=0.003] remained statistically significant after adjustment for confounding factors in the multivariate analyses. This study presents evidences that the His447His polymorphism of PPAR gamma plays an important independent role in fertilization in vitro and thus possibly in female fertility

[Mechanism and removal efficiency of C.I. acid blake 1 by pumice stone adsorbent]

Treatment of colored wastewater is one of the important challenges of environmental engineers. Adsorption process is a key option for removal of organic matter from wastewater. The aim of present work was to investigate pumice stone as an adsorbent for removal of Acid Black 1 from aqueous solution. Removal of Acid Black 1 by pumice stone was investigated. Acid Hyrdo Chloric[HCL] 1 N was used to increse adsorbent porosity. Various parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration and contact time were studied. Results showed that removal of Acid Black 1 was increased by increasing of contact time and initial dyeconcentration although it was decreased by increasing of pH. Experimental data was best fitted to Longmuir isotherm model [r2>0.98]. Study of diffusion model revealed that intraparticle diffusion is rate-controlling step in removal of Acid Black 1 by pumice stone. The results indicated that pumice stone was a dominant adsorbent for Acid Black 1 removal

[Effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein I405V polymorphism on the lipid response to changes of dietary fatty acid composition]

Atherosclerosis results from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Free cholesterol efflux from peripheral tissues and transferring to the liver for excretion from bile which is known as reverse cholesterol transfer [RCT] plays a central role in protection against atherosclerosis. HDL and cholesteryl ester transfer protein [CETP] are the major participants of RCT. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the cholesteryl ester transfer protein I405V polymorphism modifies the response to changes in the dietary ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat [P:S]. The population study included 85 healthy subjects with the different l405V genotypes [35 II, 36 IV, and 14 VV] who assigned to two consecutive 28 days experimental period. All subjects consumed a high polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] diet with P:S of 1.2 for the first period and a high saturated fatty acids [SFA] diet with a P:S of 0.3 for the next 28 days period. At the first and the end of each dietary period, serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured. At beginning of screening, lipid or lipoprotein concentrations were not significantly different among CETP I405V genotype groups. After the high SFA diet, subjects carrying V allele had a greater reduction in apolipoprotein A-I [apoA-I] and HDL cholesterol [HDL-C] than subjects with II genotype. The CETP I405V polymorphism contributes to the unfavorable changes of apoA- I and HDL-C when a high PUFA diet were replaced with a high SFA diet

Association of health locus control theory and self-esteem with physical activity in university students

Background and Purpose: Meeting the physical movement requirements of community members will remarkably increase its power. Studies on the effect of self-esteem and health locus of control [HLC] in inducing healthy behaviors have provided a scientific framework for these concepts in public health and health psychology. The present study investigates the relationship of physical activities and self-esteem with health locus of control in athletic and non-athletic university students

Methods and Materials: The research is a case-control study involving 74 athletic university students [cases] and 74 non-athletics [controls] from Gonabad University of Medical University. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire Self-esteem scale and MHLC-Form B. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 11.5 using one-way ANOVA logistic regression chi-square Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test

Results: The findings showed that in athletic students mean internal beliefs were 28.51 +/- 3.7 influential persons 20.89 +/- 4.9 and chance 14.67 +/- 3.7 corresponding to 27.87 +/- 4.6 21.64 +/- 4.97 and 15.48 +/- 4.64 in non-athletics respectively; the differences were however not significant. But the self-esteem scores of athletics [31.2] were significantly higher than that of non-athletics

Antipyretic efficacy of acetaminophen and ibuprofen in children aged 6 months to 10 years

Fever and consequent convulsion are among major concerns for parents of febrile children. Many antipyretic drugs are applied excessively to decrease ever in children. Many antipyretic drugs are applied excessively to decrease fever in children. This research is designed to study the efficacy and stability effects of cetaminophen and Ibuprofen in febrile children aged 6 months to 10 years old. This single-blind clinical trial study was performed on 390 children [aged 6 months to 10 years] referring to pediatric emergency department. The cases were divided equally and randomly into two groups, allocated to receive either 15 mg/kg Acetaminophen or 10mg/kg Ibuprofen. Including criteria was oral temperature of 38-40 degrees centigrade or rectal temperature of 38.5-40.5 degrees centigrade. Temperatures were recorded at the time of admission, 2, 4 and 6 hours after receiving antipyretic drug. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. T-tests and chi-square test were used for statistical comparisons. Findings revealed that mean temperatures on admission were 39.01 +/- 0.7 degrees centigrade and 39.03 +/- 0.69 degrees centigrade in the Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen groups, respectively, showing no significant difference. Mean temperatures at 2 hours after initiation of treatment in Acetaminophen and Ibruprofen groups were 38.78 +/- 0.92 degrees centigrade and 37.25 +/- 0.78 degrees centigrade, respectively [P<0.0001]. After 6 hours, the temperatures were 37.36 +/- 0.92 degrees centigrade and 36.99 +/- 0.05 degrees centigrade [P<0.002]. Overall, stability of antipyretic effect of Ibuprofen was more than Acetaminophen. Results indicate that Ibruporfen is more effective than Acetaminophen in maximum decline in temperature and its stability in lowering temperature is better than Acetaminophen. It is suggested that Ibruprofen be used as an antipyretic in children older than 6 months when Acetaminophen cannot control fever or more stable antipyretic is expected

Intracranial manifestations of tuberous sclerosis: a pictorial essay

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that involves multiple organs. Hamartomas are the predominant lesions. Classically, tuberous sclerosis has been characterized by a classical clinical triad of facial angiofibromas [90%], mental retardation [50-80%], seizure [80-90%] and all three in 30% of the patients. Two major features or one major feature plus two minor features are necessary for the definite diagnosis of this disease. We had some patients admitted with different presentations of tuberous sclerosis and a past history of convulsion from childhood, skin lesions and also mental retardation with a new onset headache and a changed pattern of convulsion. In physical examination, facial angiofibromas and subungual fibromas were apparently detected. Brain CT scan study with contrast showed multiple calcified nodules associated with tubers, ventriculomegaly and also enhancing enlarged nodules at the foramen of Monro, which were suggestive of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma [SGCA]. MRI showed the same brain findings [tubers, white matter lesions and subependymal nodules associated with SGCA], which were detected better. After surgery, SGCA was proved. In abdominal and pelvic CT scan and ultrasonography, massive bilateral angiomyolipomatosis and focal hypodense hyperechoic liver lesions were detected

[Investigation on two polymorphisms effective on HDL-C concentration in patients with coronary artery disease using restriction fragment length polymorphism]

High density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] is a known inverse predictor of coronary heart disease [CHD]. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein [CETP] and hepatic lipase [HL] are key proteins in HDL-C metabolism so that decreased CETP or HL activity is associated with high HDL-C. -629C/A polymorphism in promoter of CETP gene and-514C/T in promoter of HL gene were previously reported to reduce related protein level in plasma. In this study association of these polymorphisms with CHD related to HDL-C level were investigated. In this analytical-descriptive study 321 subjects underwent coronary angiography and divided in two groups base on angiogram [non CAD = 135 and CAD = 186]. Serum lipids profile was measured by standard procedure and genotype was detected using PCR-RFLP method. Overall the CETP genotype frequencies were in CAD patients: 58.8% [n=110], 28.9% [n=54] and 12.3% [n=23] and in non CAD patients: 45.2% [n=61], 41.5% [n=56] and 13.3% [n=18] for AA, CA and CC respectively. HL genotype frequencies were in CAD patients: 61.6% [n=114], 33.5% [n=62] and 4.9% [n=9] and in non CAD patients: 65.9% [n=89], 27.4% [n=37] and 6.7% [n=9] for CC, CT and TT respectively. In control group HDL-C concentration was higher for AA than CC genotype in -629C/A, and also for TT than CC genotype in -514C/T. Allele A in all subjects and T allele in woman were higher in CAD than non CAD group. A high increase in HDL-C level [10. mg/dl] was observed in individuals with CETP-AA/LIPC-TT and CETP-CA/LIPC-TT relative to CETP-CC/LIPC-CC across all subjects [P< 0.001] but there was no difference in CAD prevalence. Allele A from -629C/A, and T from -514C/T even with the increasing of HDL-C concentration had higher frequency in CAD than non CAD group. Therefore, it seems that HDL-C didn't protect coronary artery when CETP or HL activity was reduced by these polymorphisms

Assessment of right ventricular function in children with congenital heart disease Doppler tissue imaging

To assess right ventricular dysfunction in children with congenital heart disease [CHD] by measurement of tricuspid annular diastolic velocity Aa/Ea ratio by doppler tissue imaging [DTI]. A case-control study was performed on 141 children with CHD who were referred to Aliasghar Hospital of Zahedan, Iran for cardiac catheterization from April 2004 to December 2005. Tricuspid inflow velocity [A/E ratio] and Aa/Ea ratio was measured by DTI. Patients were catheterized afterwards. Cumulative data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences and evaluated using t-test and correlation. There was significant correlation between Aa/Ea ratio by DTI, and hemodynamic criteria derived at catheterization. It was also diagnosed that 77 patients of 141 had right ventricular dysfunction by DTI, whereas 74 of them showed this problem at catheterization. The sensitivity of this method for evaluation of right ventricular dysfunction was 95%, and specificity was 98%. The positive predictive value 95%, and negative predictive value 98% were assessed. Finding of this study showed that we can use DTI for diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction in children with CHD, and it can be used instead of catheterization especially in unstable patients

Pain reducing in icteric neewborns while venipuncturing: comparison of local anesthetic cream with orally glucose

A number of studies has shown that orally administered sweet-tasting solutions reduce signs of pain during painful procedures. The local anesthetic cream EMLA has recently been shown to be safe for use in neonates. The present study aimed to compare the pain-reducing effect of EMLA cream with that of orally administered glucose during venipuncturing in newborns in Yazd city. A randomized, controlled, double-blind Clinical trial was done on the 220 newborns undergoing venipuncture for clinical purposes. One hundred- six of the newborns received EMLA on the skin and orally administered placebo [sterile water] and 114 received orally glucose 30% and placebo [Vit A+D] on the skin. Symptoms associated with pain while venipuncturing measured by Neonatal/ Infant pain scale [NIPS] and crying time were compared between two groups. There were no differences in background variables between the 2 groups. The results showed that the NIPS scores were significantly lower in the glucose group [Median: 2] compared with the EMLA group [Median: 3] [P=.000]. The duration of crying in the first 2 minutes was significantly lower in the glucose group [Median: 2sec] than in EMLA group [Median: 9sec] [P<.01]. 12.3% and 29.2% of neonates in glucose and EMLA groups had NIPS above 3 respectively where the observed difference was found to be statistically significant [P<.05]. Our study showed that compared with EMLA cream, orally administration glucose can be more effective, tolerable and convenient in reducing of pain resulting from venipuncturing in neonatal period

[Comparison of the effectiveness of oral sucrose and EMLA cream in reduction of a cute pain due to heel sticks for blood sampling in neonates]

Certain painful, invasive procedures are necessary for care, and are commonly performed in both healthy and sick neonates. Current evidence shows that the newborn infant has both physiologic and anatomic capacity to experience pain. Recent research suggests that pain experienced in the neonatal period might have long-term effects later in life. Previous research has shown that orally administered sweet-tasting solutions reduce signs of pain during painful procedures. This effect is considered to be mediated both by the release of endorphins and by a preabsorptive mechanism related to the sweet taste. This study was a controlled, randomized and double-- blind study on 210 neonates. These newborns were randomly divided into 3 groups; A, Band C. Group A received 2 nil of 25% sucrose orally as well as base cream was applied at the site for heel stick, group B received 2 ml of distilled water and application of EMLA cream, while group C received 2 ml of distilled water and base cream. The heart rates of the newborn were recorded by the cardiac monitor before and after heel stick blood sampling and the duration of crying was determined as well. Pain was scored by DAN scale. There were no differences in demographic characteristics of all neonates. The results showed that the DAN scale was significantly lower in the sucrose group [mean: 3.840] as compared to the EMLA group [mean: 3.366] and the placebo group[5.557], but the difference in the duration of crying was not significantly different in the sucrose group [mean: 10.5 second] and the EMLA group[n can 8.76]. Both sucrose and EMLA are effective in reducing stress associated with heel lancet in newborns, but as sucrose acts faster and is healthier, its usage is proposed in neonates requiring heel sticks for blood sampling

[Pheocoromocytoma; a case report]

Pheochromocytoma is a neoplosia of chromaffin cells that is very rare in children. Its signs and symptoms result from the release of catecholamine. It is usually a solitary, unilateral encapsulated tumor. The predominant clinical findings are crises of hypertension, palpitation, abdominal pain, paleness, vomiting, sweating, and weight loss. Its diagnosis requires a certain degree of suspicion. Case report: We report on a 3-year-old child with pheochromocytoma of difficult clinical management. Diagnosis was confirmed by anatomicophathological study. The patient recovered after surgical resection of the tumor. The patient was a rare case of pheochromocytoma, his problems being especially hypertension and was cured after surgical resection of the tumor. This demonstrates the beneficial effect of early diagnosis and treatment

Comparison of the effect of local anesthetic cream and orally administered glucose solution in reduction of pain in icteric newborns during venipuncture

A number of studies have shown that orally administered sweet-tasting solutions reduce feeling of pain during invasive procedures. The local anesthetic cream EMLA has recently been shown to be safe for use in neonates. The present study aimed to compare the pain-reducing effect of EMLA cream with that of orally administered glucose during venipuncturing of newborns in Yazd city. A randomized, controlled, double blind clinical trial was performed on 220 newborns undergoing venipuncture for clinical reasons. EMLA cream was applied to the skin of 106 of the newborns, along with orally administered sterile water as placebo. In addition, a 30% solution of glucose was administered orally to 114 neonates whose skin was treated with vitamin A+D cream as placebo. Symptoms associated with pain while venipuncturing measured by Neonatal/ Infant pain scale [NIPS] and crying time was compared between the two groups. There were no differences in background variables between the 2 groups. The results showed that the NIPS scores were significantly lower in the glucose group [Median: 2] compared with the EMLA group [median: 3] [p<0.001]. The duration of crying in the first 2 minutes was significantly lower [p<0.01] in the glucose group [median: 2 sec] than in EMLA group [median: 9 sec]. The NIP values higher than 3 were observed in 12.3% and 29.2% of neonates in glucose and EMLA groups respectively, where the difference was found to be statistically significant [p<0.05]. Our study showed that compared with EMLA cream, orally administered glucose can be more effective, tolerable and convenient in reducing pain from venipuncturing in neonates

Diagnostic validity of electrocardiography compared with echocardiography for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with beta-thalassemia major

Left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] is an important risk factor in determining cardiovascular disease prognosis. Echocardiography [ECHO] is a sensitive and specific tool for detection of LVH but cost and operational consideration tend to limit its utility; in contrast, the Electrocardiography [ECG] is widely available, expensive and less operator dependent. Since the comparison of diagnostic validity between ECG and ECHO for evaluating of LVH has not been well studied, this survey was carried out on a number of major beta-thalassemia patients. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 135 patients [including male and female] with major beta- thalassemia over 8 years old. Patients with heart failure, valvular or structural heart disease, renal and endocrine disease and Hb<10g/dl were excluded. ECG and ECHO were performed 48 h after blood transfusion. ECG criteria of LVH and myocardial performance index [MPI] in ECHO were measured. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV] and negative predictive value [NPV] of ECG indexes were calculated separately for both sexes and compared with ECHO findings. The patients included 64 [47/4%] males and 71 [52/6%] females. ECG indexes were found as follows: 70% sensitivity of the Sokolow-Lyon index, 14.3%; specificity, 90.3% PPV, 40% NPV and. Sensitivity of the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 61.9%, 25/8%, 27/4%, 60%, respectively. Sensitivity of the Cornell index was66.6%. specificity 13.3%, PPV 86% and NPV 4.7%, Sensitivity of the White-Bock index was 0%, specificity 100%, PPV 0% and NPV was 68.9%. There was significant relationship between ECG indexes and some ECHO parameters. In this study there was a reverse and significant relationship between left acceleration time [AT] and the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport index statistically [r = 0.181, p = 0.035]. There was a significant direct relationship between left deceleration time [DT] and the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport index [r = 0.181, p = 0.036]. A reverse significant relationship between right AT and the Sokolow-Lyon index was seen [r = 0.173, p = 0.044]. A direct and significant relationship between diastolic inter ventricular septum diameter [IVSd] and the Sokolow-Lyon-Rappaport index was also observed [r = 0.186, p = 0.031]